Morbilidad y mortalidad por disfunción renal aguda en la unidad de terapia intensiva del Hospital General Docente Dr. Agostinho Neto / Morbidity and mortality for acute kidney failure in the intensive care unit of the General Teaching Hospital ¨Dr. Agostinho Neto¨

RESUMEN Introducción: En el Hospital General Docente "Dr. Agostinho Neto", de Guantánamo, no se ha caracterizado la problemática del daño renal agudo en la unidad de terapia intensiva. Objetivo: caracterizar esta afección en pacientes ingresados en la citada unidad en el periodo 2018-2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal, aprobado por el comité de ética. El universo de estudio se constituyó por el total de pacientes con este diagnóstico según la clasificación Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN). Se estudiaron las características de los pacientes (edad, sexo, comorbilidad, etiología, estadía en la unidad de terapia intensiva, necesidad de hemodiálisis, estado al egreso) y del daño renal agudo (estadio según los criterios de la escala AKIN). Resultados: En el 35,6 % de los pacientes se diagnosticó esta enfermedad, sobre todo en hombres (56,7 %) y con edad de 66,3 ± 24,3 años. El 41,4 % padeció hipertensión arterial sistémica. En el 48,9 % la enfermedad se presentó un en estadio 1, y en el 69,4 % la sepsis fue la principal causa. La mortalidad al egreso hospitalario fue de 16,4 %, y a los 30 días fue de 25,4 %. Se realizó hemodiálisis al 13,8 % de los pacientes, en los que el riesgo de muerte fue superior. Conclusiones: En la unidad de terapia intensiva es elevada la proporción de pacientes con daño renal agudo y resulta útil la escala que se utilizó para el diagnóstico y la evaluación de la gravedad y el pronóstico de los pacientes afectados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit in the General Teaching Hospital ¨Dr. Agostinho Neto¨ in Guantanamo has not been characterized. Objective: To characterize this disease in patients in the intensive care unit in the mentioned institution in the period 2018-2019. Method: A descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study was undertaken, all approved by the ethics committee. The study population was made out of the total amount of the patients diagnosed according to the classification of the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN). The variables taken into account were: age, gender, comorbidity, etiology, time in the intensive care unit, requirement for hemodialysis and status of the patient at the time of discharge, plus the stages of the acute kidney injury according to the AKIN scale. Results: Acute kidney injury was diagnosed in the 35.6% of the patients, especially in male patients (56.7%) with ages between 66.3 ± 24.3 years. 41.4% of the patients suffered of systemic arterial hypertension. Stage 1 was found in the 48.9% of the cases, and sepsis was the main cause in 69.4%. Mortality at the time of discharge represented the 16.4%; and after the following 30 days went up to 25.4%. Hemodialysis was required in the 13.8% of the patients; in wich the risk of death was significatively higher. Conclusions: There is a high number of patients with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit, and it was really useful the scale implemented for diagnosis and evaluation of the severity of the condition and the prognosis of the patients.

Insuficiencia renal oculta y factores asociados en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas / Occult renal failure and associated factors in patients with chronic conditions

Resumen Introducción: El diagnóstico oportuno y la intervención terapéutica temprana disminuyen la mortalidad prematura asociada con insuficiencia renal crónica. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia y factores asociados con insuficiencia renal oculta en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas. Método: Estudio transversal de 1268 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e hipertensión arterial sistémica. Se usó un instrumento de medición con preguntas sobre factores asociados como artrosis, tratamiento de padecimiento crónico, tabaquismo, ingesta de analgésicos, alcoholismo, índice de masa corporal, actividad física y niveles séricos de glucosa, colesterol y triglicéridos. Resultados: La prevalencia de insuficiencia renal oculta fue de 13.2 % (167/1268), 13.4 % en pacientes diabéticos (117/876) y 14.9 % en hipertensos (150/1010). En el analisis multivariado, los factores asociados con insuficiencia renal oculta fueron edad > 60 años (RMa = 1.96, IC 95 % = 1.22-2.49), sexo femenino (RMa = 2.17, IC 95 % = 1.30-2.82), padecer hipertensión arterial sistémica (RMa = 1.96, IC 95 % = 1.22-2.50) y no tener sobrepeso u obesidad (RMa = 0.49, IC 95 % = 0.41-0.8). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de insuficiencia renal oculta fue de 13 %. Los pacientes mayores de 60 años, con sobrepeso u obesidad e hipertensión arterial sistémica deben ser examinados detalladamente por el médico familiar para la detección temprana de insuficiencia renal oculta.

Abstract Introduction: Timely diagnosis and early therapeutic intervention reduce premature mortality associated with chronic renal failure. Objective: To identify the prevalence and factors associated with occult renal failure in patients with chronic diseases. Method: Cross-sectional study of 1268 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension. A measuring instrument with questions about associated factors such as osteoarthritis, treatment of chronic conditions, smoking, analgesic consumption, alcoholism, body mass index, physical activity and serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels was used. Results: The prevalence of occult renal failure was 13.2 % (167/1,268), 13.4 % in diabetic patients (117/876) and 14.9 % in hypertensive patients (150/1,010). In the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with occult renal failure were being older than 60 years (aOR = 1.96, 95 % CI = 1.22-2.49), belonging to the female gender (aOR = 2.17, 95 % CI = 1.30-2.82), suffering from systemic arterial hypertension (aOR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.22-2.50) and not having overweight/obesity (aOR = 0.49, 95 % CI = 0.41-0.8). Conclusions: The prevalence of occult renal failure was 13 %. Female patients older than 60 years with overweight/obesity and systemic arterial hypertension should be examined in detail by the family doctor for occult renal failure early detection.

Effect of preoperative creatinine levels on mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: an observational study

Abstract Introduction: Renal function is an independent risk factor for mortality among on-pump coronary bypass grafting (ONCABG) patients. This association is well known in the international literature, but there is a lack of knowledge of how admission creatinine (AC) levels modulate each cardiovascular risk factor. Objective: The aim of this paper was to assess the effect of different AC levels on mortality among ONCABG patients. Methods: 1,599 patients who underwent ONCABG between December 1999 and February 2006 at Hospital de Base in São José do Rio Preto/SP-Brazil were included. They were divided into quartiles according to their AC levels (QI: 0.2 ≤AC < 1.0 mg/dL; QII: 1.0 ≤ AC < 1.2 mg/dL; QIII: 1.2 ≤ AC < 1.4 mg/dL; and QIV: 1.4 ≤ AC ≤ 2.6 mg/dL). Seven risk factors were then evaluated in each stratum. Results: Mortality was higher in the QIV group than QI or QII groups. Factors such as age (≥ 65 years) and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (≥ 115 minutes) in QIV, as well preoperative hospital stay (≥ 5 days) in QIII, were associated with higher mortality rates. Creatinine variation greater than or equal to 0.4 mg/dL increased mortality rates in all groups. The use of intra-aortic balloon pump and dialysis increased mortality rates in all groups except for QII. Type I neurological dysfunction increased the mortality rate in the QII and III groups. Conclusion: Creatinine levels play an important role in ONCABG mortality. The combination of selected risk factors and higher AC values leads to a worse prognosis. On the other hand, lower AC values were associated with a protective effect, even among elderly patients and those with a high CPB time.

Outcomes following coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with mild preoperative renal insufficiency

Abstract Introduction: Preoperative renal insufficiency is an independent predictor of mortality after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. However, there are few reports aimed to evaluate the impact of mild preoperative renal insufficiency on long-term follow-up outcomes after isolated CABG surgery. This study investigates the effect of mild preoperative renal insufficiency on long-term follow-up outcomes of patients after CABG. Methods: Five hundred eighty-four patients' data that underwent CABG between 1 January 2009 and 1 December 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups: normal group [Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2, n=304] and mild group (eGFR ranges from 60 to 89 ml/min/1.73 m2, n=280). Clinical material and long follow-up outcomes were compared inthe two groups. Results: Two groups had similar baseline and intraoperative data except eGFR. Six (0.01%) patients died in hospital, 15 in normal group and 28 in mild group during the long-term follow-up, which had statistical significance (P<0.05). Univariate factor analysis displayed that the two groups had similar in-hospital outcomes. Kaplan-Meier curves showed a better long-term survival in patients with normal preoperative renal function compared to mild preoperative renal insufficiency (x 2=4.255, P=0.039). Cox proportional model presented the hazard ratio of long-term mortality in patients with mild preoperative renal insufficiency compared to normal preoperative renal function was 1.79 (95% CI 1.17-2.88, P=0.027). Conclusions: Patients with mild preoperative renal insufficiency had a higher mortality rate than normal patients in long-term survival, whereas no evidence of worse in-hospital mortality rate was found. Patients with mild preoperative renal insufficiency showed a higher mortality rate than other studies.

Do We Need to Personalize Renal Function Assessment in the Stratification of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery? / É Necessário Personalizar a Avaliação da Função Renal na Estratificação de Pacientes Submetidos à Cirurgia Cardíaca?

Abstract Background: Renal dysfunction is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgery. For a better assessment of renal function, calculation of creatinine clearance (CC) may be necessary. Objective: To objectively evaluate whether CC is a better risk predictor than serum creatinine (SC) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: Analysis of 3,285 patients registered in a prospective, consecutive and mandatory manner in the Sao Paulo Registry of Cardiovascular Surgery (REPLICCAR) between November 2013 and January 2015. Values of SC, CC (Cockcroft-Gault) and EuroSCORE II were obtained. Association analysis of SC and CC with morbidity and mortality was performed by calibration and discrimination tests. Independent multivariate models with SC and CC were generated by multiple logistic regression to predict morbidity and mortality following cardiac surgery. Results: Despite the association between SC and mortality, it did not calibrate properly the risk groups. There was an association between CC and mortality with good calibration of risk groups. In mortality risk prediction, SC was uncalibrated with values > 1.35 mg /dL (p < 0.001). The ROC curve showed that CC is better than SC in predicting both morbidity and mortality risk. In the multivariate model without CC, SC was the only predictor of morbidity, whereas in the model without SC, CC was not only a mortality predictor, but also the only morbidity predictor. Conclusion: Compared with SC, CC is a better parameter of renal function in risk stratification of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Resumo Fundamentos: Disfunção renal é preditor independente de morbimortalidade após cirurgia cardíaca. Para uma melhor avaliação da função renal, o cálculo do clearance de creatinina (CC) pode ser necessário. Objetivo: Avaliar objetivamente se o CC é melhor que a creatinina sérica (CS) para predizer risco nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Análise em 3285 pacientes do Registro Paulista de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (REPLICCAR) incluídos de forma prospectiva, consecutiva e mandatória entre novembro de 2013 e janeiro de 2015. Foram obtidos valores de CS, CC (Cockcroft-Gault) e do EuroSCORE II. Análise de associações da CS e do CC com morbimortalidade foi realizada mediante testes de calibração e discriminação. Por regressão logística múltipla, foram criados modelos multivariados independentes com CS e com CC para predição de risco de morbimortalidade após cirurgia cardíaca. Resultados: Apesar da associação entre a CS e morbimortalidade, essa não calibrou adequadamente os grupos de risco. Houve associação entre o CC e morbimortalidade com boa calibração dos grupos de risco. Na predição do risco de mortalidade, a CS ficou descalibrada com valores >1,35 mg/dL (p < 0,001). A curva ROC revelou que o CC é superior à CS na predição de risco de morbimortalidade. No modelo multivariado sem CC, a CS foi a única preditora de morbidade, enquanto que no modelo sem a CS, o CC foi preditor de mortalidade e o único preditor de morbidade. Conclusão: Para avaliação da função renal, o CC é superior que a CS na estratificação de risco dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca.

In-hospital mortality risk factors in patients with ascites due to cirrhosis / Fatores de risco de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com ascite por cirrose hepática

Introduction: ascites is one of the most common complications of cirrhosis associated with a high rate of mortality. Although several scores have been developed in order to assess the prognosis of the disease, they were designed for predicting liver transplantation requirements and mortality in the short term, but not while in hospital. The aim of this study was to weigh risk factors for in-hospital mortality in adult patients with ascites due to alcoholic cirrhosis. Material and methods: we performed a cross-sectional study in 180 adult patients with diagnosis of cirrhosis with portal hypertension associated with high alcohol intake. The diagnosis of cirrhosis was made by liver echography and portal hypertension was defined by clinical features plus serum-ascites albumin gradient. Sampled individuals were subjected to complete clinical examination. Child Pugh and the MELD scores were applied in all the patients. Results: nineteen patients died while in-hospital. Mortality was associated with increased levels of serum white blood cell, urea, creatinine, prolonged prothrombin time, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. We conducted a multiple binary logistic to predict in-hospital mortality which yielded that serum urea, creatinine and prothrombin time made a significant contribution to prediction with an OR 14 (95% CI 12.8 - 16.7 p = 0.03), 2 (95% CI 0.5 - 3.47, p = 0.04), and 2 (95% CI 1.03 - 2.31, p = 0.01) linearly-related. Conclusions: our results suggest that acute renal failure and prolonged prothrombin time are predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with portal hypertension due to alcoholic cirrhosis. .

Introdução: ascite é uma das complicações mais comuns de cirrose associadas a uma elevada taxa de mortalidade. Embora vários escores tenham sido desenvolvidos a fim de avaliar o prognóstico da doença, eles foram concebidos para prever requisitos de transplante de fígado e mortalidade a curto prazo, mas não durante a internação. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de pesar fatores de risco para a mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes adultos com ascite decorrente de cirrose alcoólica. Material e métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal em 180 pacientes adultos com diagnóstico de cirrose com hipertensão portal, associada à alta ingestão de álcool. O diagnóstico de cirrose foi feita por ecografia hepática e a hipertensão portal foi determinada por características clínicas e pelo gradiente de albumina soro-ascite. Indivíduos avaliados foram submetidos a exame clínico completo. A classificação de Child-Pugh e a escala MELD foram aplicadas em todos os pacientes. Resultados: dezenove pacientes morreram durante a internação. A mortalidade foi associada ao aumento dos níveis de glóbulos brancos, ureia, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase e tempo de protrombina prolongado. Realizamos uma logística binária múltipla para prever a mortalidade intra-hospitalar, que confirmou que ureia, creatinina e tempo de protrombina contribuíram significativamente para a previsão, com uma OR = 14 (IC 95% 12,8-16,7 p = 0,03), 2 (IC 95% 0,5-3,47, p = 0,04), e 2 (IC 95% 1,03-2,31, p = 0,01), relacionada linearmente. Conclusões: nossos resultados sugerem que a insuficiência renal aguda e de tempo de protrombina prolongado são preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com hipertensão portal decorrente de cirrose alcoólica. .

Injuria renal aguda, perfil epidemiológico intrahospitalario y factores asociados al riesgo de muerte / Acute kidney injury, hospital epidemiologic profile and associated factors of death risk

La injuria renal aguda (IRA) es un evento mórbido de gran impacto en la vida de las personas. La tasa de letalidad de la IRA ha sido un tema relevante y se han estudiado muchos factores relacionados. Objetivos: Determinar el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes con IRA en un hospital de Lima y los factores asociados a la mortalidad durante el periodo de hospitalización. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes incidentes con diagnóstico de IRA. Se calculó la letalidad bruta y la ajustada a tiempo de permanencia hospitalaria. Se usó la regresión multivariante de Cox, así como el mejor modelo para regresión logística binaria asociada a letalidad. Se aceptó una significancia estadística de p<0,05. Resultados: Se identificaron 90 pacientes con IRA en los años 2002, 2003 y 2004 (incidencia de 30, 39 y 21 pacientes/año, respectivamente). Su permanencia hospitalaria fue 13,44 ± 1,66 (promedio±1ES) días, la tasa bruta de letalidad 39% y la tasa ajustada 2,89 fallecidos/100 días de hospitalización. Las variables relacionadas al riesgo de muerte en el tiempo fueron el estado de shock, el diagnóstico de sepsis y la disfunción respiratoria al momento de la admisión. Conclusiones: La gravedad clínica como condición al momento de la admisión al centro hospitalario, el estado séptico y la presencia de disfunción respiratoria, fueron los factores que influenciaron en el pronóstico de supervivencia de pacientes con IRA. (AU)

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a morbid event of great impact on the lives of people. The fatality rate of the IRA has been prominent and studied many related factors. Objectives: To determine the epidemiological profile of patients with AKI in a hospital in Lima and factors associated with mortality during the hospitalization. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of a cohort of incident patients diagnosed with AKI was performed. Gross lethality was calculated and adjusted to length of hospital stay. Multivariate Cox regression was used as well as the best model for binary logistic regression associated with lethality. Statistical significance of p<0.05 was accepted. Results: 90 patients with AKI were identified in 2002, 2003 and 2004 (incidence of 30, 39 and 21 patients / year, respectively). Their average hospital stay was 13.44 ± 1.66 days, crude case fatality rate of 39% and an adjusted rate of 2.89 deaths/100 days of hospitalization, variables related to the risk of death at the time also was shock, sepsis diagnosis and respiratory dysfunction at the time of admission. Conclusions: The critical condition of admission to a hospital, a septic state and the presence of respiratory dysfunction, are the elements that influence the prognosis of survival of patients with AKI. (AU)

Relevance of Target-Organ Lesions as Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus / Relevância de Lesões em Órgãos-Alvo como Preditores de Mortalidade em Pacientes com Diabetes

Background: Patients with diabetes are in extract higher risk for fatal cardiovascular events. Objective: To evaluate major predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cohort of 323 individuals with type 2 diabetes from several regions of Brazil was followed for a long period. Baseline electrocardiograms, clinical and laboratory data obtained were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and confidence interval (CI) related to cardiovascular and total mortality. Results: After 9.2 years of follow-up (median), 33 subjects died (17 from cardiovascular causes). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with male gender; smoking; prior myocardial infarction; long QTc interval; left ventricular hypertrophy; and eGFR <60 mL/min. These factors, in addition to obesity, were predictors of total mortality. Cardiovascular mortality was adjusted for age and gender, but remained associated with: smoking (HR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.3-11.8; p = 0.019); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 8.5; 95% CI 1.8-39.9; p = 0.007); eGFR < 60 mL/min (HR = 9.5; 95% CI 2.7-33.7; p = 0.001); long QTc interval (HR = 5.1; 95% CI 1.7-15.2; p = 0.004); and left ventricular hypertrophy (HR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.7; p = 0.002). Total mortality was associated with obesity (HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1; p = 0.030); smoking (HR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.1; p = 0.046); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.005), and long QTc interval (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Biomarkers of simple measurement, particularly those related to target-organ lesions, were predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. .

Fundamento: Pacientes com diabetes apresentam-se em extrato de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares fatais. Objetivo: Avaliar os principais preditores associados às taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: Estudo de coorte composto por 323 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, de várias regiões do Brasil, acompanhados em longo prazo. Dados clínicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiográficos foram obtidos no período basal e aplicados no modelo Cox de regressão, para examinar a associação dessas variáveis com as taxas de mortalidade e determinação de hazard ratio (HR) e intervalo de confiança (IC). Resultados: Após 9,2 anos (mediana) de seguimento, 33 pacientes morreram (sendo 17 por causas cardiovasculares). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi associada a gênero masculino, tabagismo, infarto do miocárdio prévio, intervalo QTc longo, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) <60 mL/min. Esses biomarcadores, além da obesidade, também foram preditores para mortalidade total. Após ajustes para idade e gênero, a mortalidade cardiovascular, manteve-se associada a tabagismo (HR = 3,8; IC 95% 1,3-11,8; p = 0,019), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 8,5; IC 95% 1,8-39,9; p = 0,007), TFG < 60 mL/min (HR = 9,5; IC 95% 2,7-33,7; p = 0,001), intervalo QTc longo (HR = 5,1; IC 95% 1,7-15,2; p = 0,004), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HR = 3,5; IC 95% 1,3-9,7; p = 0,002). A mortalidade total foi associada com obesidade (HR = 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-5,1; p = 0,030), tabagismo (HR = 2,5; IC 95% 1,0-6,1; p = 0,046), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,005) e intervalo QTc longo (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,017). Conclusões: Biomarcadores de simples mensuração, particularmente os que traduzem lesões de ...

Características clínicas de los pacientes con injuria renal aguda en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Clinical features in patients with acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit

Objetivo. Determinar las características clínicas los pacientes con injuria renal aguda (IRA) en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Material y Métodos. Estudio de serie de casos, retrospectivo y transversal. Se evaluó 40 historias clínicas de pacientes que presentaron IRA durante su estancia en la UCI del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, de Lima, entre enero a junio del 2013 que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados. La incidencia acumulada de IRA en UCI fue de 15,8%, la mortalidad fue de 42,5%. La causa de ingreso a UCI fue multifactorial: falla circulatoria (100%), insuficiencia respiratoria (85%); y, choque séptico la causa más frecuente de falla circulatoria. Veintitrés (57,5%) sobrevivieron y 17 (42,5%) fallecieron. La edad promedio fue 54,7± 17,4años, y el 60% fueron varones. En los pacientes que fallecieron, la oliguria, niveles bajos de pH y plaquetas, niveles altos de potasio, brecha aniónica, bilirrubina total, APACHE, SOFA y Liaño fueron estadísticamente significativos. En la regresión logística, la brecha aniónica elevada y oliguria predijeron mortalidad. La sobrevida a los 14 y 30 días fue de 55 % y 41 % respectivamente. Conclusión. La injuria renal aguda en UCI fue una patología frecuente con alta mortalidad. Los predictores de mortalidad más importantes fueron brecha aniónica elevada y oliguria.

Objective. To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with acute kidney (AKI) injury in the intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and MethOds. A case series, retrospective and transversal study was done. Forty clinical records of patients who had AKI during their ICU stay and who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. results. The Incidence of AKI in ICU was 15,8% and a mortality rate 42,5%. The cause of admission to ICU was multifactorial: circulatory failure (100%), respiratory failure (85%); and, septic shock was the most common cause of circulatory failure. Twenty three (57,5%) patients were discharged alive and 17 (42,5%) died. The mean age was 54,7 ± 17,4 year-old and 60% was male. In patients who died: oliguria, low plasmatic pH and platelet count; high levels of potassium, anion gap, total bilirubin; and, APACHE, SOFA and Liano scores were statistically significant. In the logistic regression: oliguria and elevated anion gap predict mortality. Survival at 14 and 30 days was 55% and 41%, respectively. Conclusions. Acute kidney injury is a common condition with high mortality in the intensive care unit. The most important predictors of mortality were increased anion gap and oliguria.

Incidencia e importancia pronóstica del deterioro de la función renal en pacientes hospitalizados con insuficiencia cardiaca / Deterioration of kidney function as a risk factor for mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure

Background: Acute deterioration of kidney function among patients admitted to the hospital for cardiac failure is associated with an increased mortality. Aim: To investigate the association between deterioration of kidney function and mortality among patients hospitalized for cardiac failure. Material and Methods: Patients admitted for decompensated cardiac failure to 14 Chilean hospitals between 2002 and 2009 were incorporated to the study. Clinical and laboratory features were registered. Serum creatinine values on admission and discharge were determined. Hospital and long term mortality was determined requesting death certificates to the National Identification Service at the end of follow up, lasting 635 ± 581 days. Results: One thousand sixty four patients were incorporated and 1100, aged 68 ± 13 years (45% females) had information about renal function. Seventy seven percent were hypertensive and 36% were diabetic. Mean ejection fraction was 41 ± 18% and 34% had an ejection fraction over 50%. Mean admission creatinine was 1.7 ± 1.6 mg/dl and 19% had a creatinine over 2 mg/dl. Serum creatinine increased more than 0.5 mg/dl during hospitalization in 9% of general patients and in 11% of diabetics. The increase in creatinine was associated with a higher risk of hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR) 12.9, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 6.7-27.6) and long term mortality (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-3). Conclusions: The deterioration of renal function during hospitalization of patients with heart failure is a risk factor for hospital and long term mortality.

Perfil epidemiológico dos óbitos em terapia renal substitutiva e custo do tratamento / Epidemiological profile of deaths in renal replacement therapy and cost of treatment

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos óbitos de pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva e o custo do tratamento. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e retrospectivo realizado com os dados da Base Nacional de Terapia Renal Substitutiva. Foram incluídos 2029 óbitos por insuficiência renal. Os dados foram analisados por inferência estatística e estatística não paramétrica. RESULTADOS: Houve maior número de óbitos entre os pacientes do sexo masculino e da raça branca. O custo do tratamento aumentou 6,7% nos gastos do estado e 45,3% no município. CONCLUSÃO: O maior número de óbitos ocorreu no sexo masculino, raça branca, variações bruscas nas taxas de mortalidade hospitalar e aumentou o custo do tratamento nos últimos três anos.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the epidemiological profile of patient deaths related to renal replacement therapy and the cost of treatment. METHODS: Cross-sectional retrospective study carried out with data from the National Renal Replacement Therapy Database. It included 2009 deaths due to renal failure. Data were analyzed using statistical inference and nonparametric statistics. RESULTS: A greater number of deaths was observed among white, male patients. The cost of treatment increased 6.7% in the state and 45.3% in the city. CONCLUSION: The highest number of deaths occurred among white males; there were marked variations in hospital mortality rates; and the cost of treatment increased over the past three years.

Insuficiencia renal en pacientes con cirrosis y ascitis: incidencia, etiología y factores predictivos / Renal failure in patients with cirrhosis and ascites: incidence, etiology and predictive factors

BACKGROUND: renal insufficiency (RI) is a frequent complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. OBJECTIVE: to assess the incidence, causes, predictive factors and prognosis of RI in cirrhotic patients with ascites. PATIENT AND METHODS: descriptive study of cases and controls. Clinical histories of 162 admissions in 103 patients during 3 years were reviewed. It was considered RI when there was an increase of creatininemia > 1.5 mg/dl. The predictive factors, clinical features, and mortality of the patients with and without RI were compared. RESULTS: a diagnosis of RI was made in 35 cases (21.6%). Hospital mortality rate was 18.5%: with RI 57.1%, controls 7.8% (p<0.01). Etiology: reversible prerrenal failure (54.3%), SHR 1 (14.2%) and 2 (5.7%), septic shock by spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) (11.4%), NTA (8.5%). The patients with and without RI had a Child-Pügh score average (+/-DS): 12.8 (1.8) and 11.4 (1.9) (p=0.0002) respectively. The patients with RI had higher values of total bilirubin, AST, ALT, white blood cells, time prothrombin, and minors values of serum sodium, Hto, Hb, protein, albumin and cholinesterase that controls (p<0.05). The clinical variables associated with RI included infections (OR 1.4), SBP (OR 4) and hepatic encephalopathy (OR 2.4). In the multivariate analysis, the independent predictive factors for RI were hyponatremia, bilirubinemia greater to 10 mg/dl and SPB. CONCLUSION: in cirrhotic patients RI have high mortality. The most frequent cause was reversible prerrenal failure. The risk of RI was increased significantly in patients with hyponatremia, marked hyperbilirubinemia and SPB.

Background: renal insufficiency (RI) is a frequent complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Objective: to assess the incidence, causes, predictive factors and prognosis of RI in cirrhotic patients with ascites. Patient and methods: descriptive study of cases andcontrols. Clinical histories of 162 admissions in 103 patients during 3 years were reviewed. It was consideredRI when there was an increase of creatininemia > 1,5 mg/dl. The predictive factors, clinical features, andmortality of the patients with and without RI were compared. Results: a diagnosis of RI was made in 35 cases (21.6%). Hospital mortality rate was 18.5%: with RI 57.1%, controls 7.8% (p< 0.01). Etiology: reversible prerrenal failure (54.3%), SHR 1 (14.2%) and 2 (5.7%), septic shock by spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) (11.4%), NTA (8.5%). The patientswith and without RI had a Child-Pügh score average (± DS): 12.8 (1.8) and 11,4 (1.9) (p=0.0002) respectively.The patients with RI had higher values of total bilirubin, AST, ALT, white blood cells, time prothrombin, and minors values of serum sodium, Hto, Hb, protein,albumin and cholinesterase that controls (p<0.05). The clinical variables associated with RI included infections (OR 1.4), SBP (OR 4) and hepatic encephalopathy (OR 2.4). In the multivariate analysis, the independent predictive factors for RI were hyponatremia, bilirubinemia greater to 10 mg/dl and SPB. Conclusion: in cirrhotic patients RI have high mortality.The most frequent cause was reversible prerrenal failure. The risk of RI was increased significantly in patients with hyponatremia, marked yperbilirubinemiaand SPB.

Síndrome de prune belly: presentación de caso / Prune belly syndrome: a case report

El síndrome de prune belly es una rara enfermedad congénita de causa desconocida. Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido a término, del sexo masculino y de un día de nacido, que fue remitido al servicio de urología pediátrica por presentar ausencia de los músculos de la pared anterior del abdomen (rectos anteriores), criptorquidia bilateral y gran globo vesical. A partir de los hallazgos del examen físico se planteó el diagnóstico de síndrome de prune belly. Se encontraron anomalías asociadas como escoliosis y agenesia del pie derecho. En el estudio radiológico del tracto urinario se confirmaron malformaciones congénitas como valva de uretra posterior y megavejiga con uretero-hidronefrosis bilateral. Los análisis de laboratorio confirmaron la afectación de la función renal y una infección urinaria asociada. Se practicó una cistostomía a cielo abierto. El paciente falleció a los 10 días a causa de las complicaciones de la insuficiencia renal(AU)

The prune belly syndrome is a congenital rare disease of unknown origin. The case of a one-day-old full- term male newborn infant that was referred to the pediatric urology service for presenting absence of the muscles of the anterior abdomen wall (anterior rectus muscle), bilateral cryptochordism and big vesical globe, was presented. Starting from the findings of the physical examination, the prune belly syndrome was diagnosed. Associated abnormalities such as scoliosis and agenesis of the right leg were found. In the radiological study of the urinary tract, congenital malformations as posterior urethra valve and megabladder with bilateral ureterohydronephrosis were confirmed. The lab tests corroborated the affectation of the renal function and an associated urinary infection. The patient died at 10 days as a result of the complications of renal failure(AU)

Rol de la hipperfosfatemia sobre la mortalidad cardiovascular de los pacientes en dialisis / Cardiovascular mortality and hyperphophatemia amongpatients with end-stage renal disease(ESRD)

La mortalidad de los pacientes con IRC en tratamiento con diálisis continua siendo elevada a pesar del avanceen las diferentes modalidades de tratamiento. La causa de muerte más frecuente es la relacionada con los trastornos cardiovasculares. Diversos estudios demuestran que niveles elevados de fosfato, calcio, producto fosfo-cálcico y PTH juegan un rol fundamental en el desarrollo de las calcificaciones cardiovasculares y tienen una relación directa con la mortalidad de la población en diálisis. Los cristales de fosfato de calcio se depositan en la íntima arterial sobre las placas ateroescleróticas inflamadas, o más frecuentemente en la media arterial ("Esclerosis de Mõnckeberg"), lo queimplica una verdadera osificación de la pared vascular. Las normas K/DOQI establecieron las pautas para el manejoadecuado de los trastornos del metabolismo mineral. Sin embargo, diversos estudios internacionales como el DOPPS, datos de múltiples centros de Argentina y resultados de los pacientes del centro de diálisis del Hospital Privado de Córdoba, han demostrado que el cumplimiento de dichas metas es muy dificultoso y la hiperfosfatemia presenta una elevada prevalencia entre la población en diálisis. El control de la hiperfosfatemia a través del conocimiento de la fisiopatogenia de los trastornos del metabolismo mineral contribuye a controlar estos factores de riesgo

Perfil clínico e avaliação de risco prognóstico dos pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca aguda com função sistólica preservada versus disfunção sistólica / Clinical profile and prognostic risk assessment of patients with acute heart failure with preserved systolic function versus systolic dysfunction

Objetivo: Comparar o perfil clínico e escala ADHERE na insuficiência cardíaca aguda (ICA) com (ICAD) e sem função sistólica (ICAS) preservada. Métodos: Avaliação retrospectiva da ICA na emergência, entre 04/2004 e 05/2005. 86 portadores de ICA submeteram-se a exames clínicos laboratoriais(BNP, sódio, hemoglobina, uréia e creatinina), classificação de ADHERE, e ecocardiograma com fração de ejeção (FE) maior que 40 por cento na ICAD e menor que 40 por cento na ICAS. Foram empregados os testes de Mann-Whitney e qui-quadrado. Resultados: 51 tinham ICAD e 35 ICAS, sem diferença quanto: sexo (p igual a 0,14), causa da IC (p igual a 0,48), diabetes (p igual a 0,36), DPOC (0,97), insuficiência renal (0,21) e infarto do miocárdio prévio (p igual a 0,92). Os pacientes com ICAD eram mais idosos (80 x 72 anos, p igual a 0,01), sem história (52 por cento x 20,5 por cento, p igual a 0,03) ou internações prévias por IC (37 por cento x 63 por cento, p igual a 0,018), tinham mais HAS (92 por cento vs 72 por cento, p igual a 0,01) e PAS admissional maior (150mmHg x 130mmHg, p igual a 0,0007)...

Evolução da função renal na fase aguda do infarto do miocárdio como fator prognóstico de eventos na fase intra-hospitalar e em um ano de seguimento / Renal function outcome in acute myocardial infarction as a prognostic factor of in-hospital events and at one-year follow-up

OBJETIVO: Analisar o papel da disfunção renal na internação ou durante a evolução nos pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 274 pacientes com IAM, entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2001. A função renal foi monitorada com a dosagem de creatinina (Cr) na internação e o valor pico durante a hospitalização. O clearance de creatinina (ClCr) foi calculado pela fórmula de Cockcroft & Gault. Foi avaliada a morbidade e mortalidade intra-hospitalar e após um ano do evento. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 62,2 ± 13,5 anos e 73 por cento eram do sexo masculino. A função renal esteve mais reduzida nos homens, em pacientes com hipertensão arterial sistêmica e cirurgia de revascularização prévia. A análise multivariada revelou aumento da mortalidade intra-hospitalar relacionada com a elevação nos níveis pico de Cr (OR:1,18 95 por cento IC:1,18-2,77 p = 0,006), com o decréscimo no ClCr inicial (OR:0,96 95 por cento IC:0,93-0,99 p = 0,025) e no ClCr pico (OR:0,96 95 por cento IC:0,92-0,99 p = 0,023). A diferença percentual entre o ClCr inicial e o menor ClCr atingido também indicou maior mortalidade (OR:1,04 95 por cento IC:1,00-1,07 p = 0,033). A piora da função renal não alterou a morbidade e mortalidade em um ano. CONCLUSÃO: Disfunção renal na internação, e sua deterioração durante a hospitalização, mostrou ser um importante marcador prognóstico de pior evolução imediata.

Renal amyloidosis--a clinicopathologic study.

A total of 19,075 necropsies and 1169 renal biopsies were scrutinised over a period of 20 years (1973-1992) retrospectively with an aim to study the incidence and pattern of renal amyloidosis in Nair Hospital. A total of 75 cases with amyloidosis were detected, 33 from the necropsy series (0.162%) and 42 from biopsies (3.59%). Secondary amyloidosis was seen in 82.66% and primary amyloidosis in 10.66%. Tuberculosis of various organs was the main cause of secondary amyloidosis (79.03%). Nephrotic syndrome was the common mode of presentation (52%). Besides kidney, which were involved in all cases, the liver, spleen and adrenals were other commonly involved organs at necropsy. Renal failure was the leading cause of death (51.51%). Thioflavine-T proved to be more sensitive technique than other conventional staining methods. The potassium permanganate test is a useful test to distinguish secondary amyloid fibrils from other amyloid fibrils. Abdominal fat aspiration may prove to be specific, sensitive and a routine procedure enabling the early diagnosis of amyloidosis leading to increased incidence of amyloidosis during life than at necropsy.

L'insuffisance renale chronique au Burkina Faso

L'insuffisance renale chronique represente 3/7 des nephropathies chroniques et survient chez des adultes jeunes (40+-10 ans) surtout en milieu rural avec une mortalite elevee (37;9 pour cent)